Why Johnson & Johnson’s Limitation on Resale Prices Constitute a Monopoly Agreement?

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(By You Yunting) Yesterday, we posted on our blog an article titled, Why Did the Court Not Rule in Accordance With Article 14 of the Anti Monopoly Law in order to introduce the first legal issue in Johnson’s limitation on resale prices litigation. Today, we will continue our introduction regarding why the Shanghai court determined that Johnson’s limitation on resale prices constituted a monopoly agreement, as well as commentary on an extract from court’s decision.

In this post, the “appellant” and “plaintiff” both refer to the “Beijing Rui Bang Yong He Science and Trading Co., Ltd” while “appellee” and “defendant” refers to “Johnson & Johnson Medical Ltd”.

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Why Did the Court Not Rule in Accordance With Article 14 of the Anti Monopoly Law? Part II

(By You Yunting) August 1, 2013 was the fifth anniversary of the enactment of China’s AntiMonopoly Law. On the same day, Shanghai Higher People’s Courts handed down the first decision that supported a plaintiff’s claim in an anti-monopoly civil ligation in China. The court determined that Johnson & Johnson Medical Co. Ltd action constituted as a vertical monopoly for restricting the minimum sales price, and the company was ordered to make civil compensation for the plaintiff’s loss.

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Full Text of NDRC’s Public Announcement on Milk Powder Manufactures’ Vertical Monopoly of Price Control

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(By You Yunting) According to the latest announcement on Chinese National Development and Reform Commission website, NDRC’s carried out anti-monopoly investigations into milk powder manufacturers and imposed fines. Based on this announcement, we found that there are different views between NDRC and Chinese courts on the understanding of Article 14 of the Anti Monopoly Law. With regard to the court’s understanding that milk powder formula in this case is effective competitive, the milk powder manufacturers shall not the determined as violating the the Anti Monopoly Law even if they conducted price control. Following is our translation for this public announcement.

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Why Did the Court Not Rule in Accordance With Article 14 of the Anti Monopoly Law? Part I

(By You Yunting) August 1, 2013 was the fifth anniversary of the enactment of China’s AntiMonopoly Law. On the same day, Shanghai Higher People’s Courts handed down the first decision that supported a plaintiff’s claim in an anti-monopoly civil ligation in China. The court determined that Johnson & Johnson Medical Co. Ltd action constituted as a vertical monopoly for restricting the minimum sales price, and the company was ordered to make civil compensation for the plaintiff’s loss.

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Why the Anti-Monopoly Law Can’t Cut Price of Infant Milk Formula in China?

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(By You Yunting) According to media reports, China’s National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”)’s anti-monopoly investigation into infant milk formula discovered that nine milk powder manufacturers, including Wyeth, announced one after another in early July that they would lower their prices, with an average discount of 11%. At the same time, Wyeth canceled its earlier decision to raise the price of Wyeth S-26 Progress GOLD product, a new product by 4 percent. Some consumers told reporters that salesclerks would first recommend Wyeth S-26 Progress GOLD product, and would only bring out the discounted, original milk formula when asked by the consumer with regards to the discount. The following points should be look at more carefully:

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Plaintiff First Wins Chinese Anti Monopoly Civil Case

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(By You Yunting) The fifth anniversary of enforcement of Chinese Anti Monopoly Law fell on August 1, 2008. Just on this day, Shanghai Higher People’s Courts first supported plaintiff’s claim in anti-monopoly civil case. The court determined that Johnson & Johnson Medical Co. Ltd constitutes a vertical monopoly for restricting on the minimum sales price and shall make civil compensation on plaintiff’s loss.   Past essays on this website have introduced the first instance judgment on this case made by Shanghai No.2 Intermediate Court; the summary of the judgment is as followed: Do All Minimum Price Limits Violate the Anti-trust Law in China?   The plaintiff, Beijing Rui Bang Yong He Science and Trading Co., Ltd. (the “plaintiff”) used to be the dealer of Johnson & Johnson Medical (Shanghai) Ltd. and Johnson & Johnson Medical (China) Ltd. (the “defendants”). Cooperation between the parties lasted for nearly fifteen years, and the distribution contract was renewed each year. On January 2, 2008, the defendants entered into a distribution contract with the plaintiff stipulating that the plaintiff could not sell the product below the price set by the defendants.   On July 1, 2008, the defendants sent a letter to the plaintiff, saying that they would deduct the RMB 20,000 yuan deposit paid by the plaintiff due to the plaintiff’s unlicensed markdown sale. In the meantime, the defendants ordered plaintiff to stop its lower priced sales and stated that the plaintiff’s product supply would be cancelled and that the plaintiff would no longer be the defendants’ dealer.   The plaintiff believed that the defendants’ limit on the minimum sales price has constituted the floor price setting as prohibited in Paragraph 2 of Article 14 in the Anti Monopoly Law, and thereby caused damages to the plaintiff. Basing on these, the plaintiff filed a lawsuit in the court, claiming the compensation.   After the hearing, the Shanghai No.1 Intermediate People’s Court held that the decision on the existence of monopoly agreements as regulated by Article 14 of the Anti Monopoly Law could not only consider whether the undertakings have concluded a monopoly agreement with their trading counterparts that would fix or limit sales prices, but also consider Paragraph 2 of Article 13. This means it is necessary to further check whether the agreement excludes or limits competition. Considering the evidence presented by the plaintiff could not prove the above issues, the court refused all the claims of the plaintiff.   Shanghai Higher Court held after the trial that Anti Monopoly Law shall be applied in the case, since the distribution contract between the plaintiff and the defendants containing clauses restricting the plaintiff to sell the product at a minimum price constitutes such effects of eliminating or restricting competition without clearly sufficient promotion for competition. For these reasons, the higher court determined the distribution contract constituted a monopoly agreement as regulated by Article 14 of the Anti Monopoly Law. Concerning the fact that the defendant took such actions that could be involved in the monopoly as provided in the Anti Monopoly Law, the court determined that those actions concluded a monopoly agreement prohibited by the Anti Monopoly Law and accordingly the defendant shall make compensation for loss to the plaintiff. On these grounds, the higher court reversed the original judgment and decided that the defendant shall make compensation in the amount of RMB 530, 000 yuan to the plaintiff in 10 days. In addition, the higher court refused the other claims made by the plaintiff.   Our lawyers have already obtained the second instance judgment. We would interpret it in the next week’s post.

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Trademark “Zhuomuniao”: Cancelled for Squatting Though It Has Been Put into Use

(By Luo Yanjie) Abstract: when applying for a trademark, the trademark office will judge the similarity of the submitted trademark based on the International Classification of the Trademark Registration for Product and Service (the “Classification”), but the court does not use this only standard. Even if the court finds that the later trademark application to be similar with the earlier applications, and the trademark office approves the later applied trademark’s application, the earlier trademark holder shall have no right to demand the later user for any damages.

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Would Those First Users Involved in OEM Constitute Trademark Infringement?

(By Albert Chen) The author once introduced readers to different judicial opinions adopted in the Shanghai and Guangzhou courts over whether trademark infringement could be caused by an OEM. According to a ruling handed down by the Fujian Higher People’s Court in 2012, which came to the attention of the author recently, the judge confirmed that an OEM could lead to trademark infringement, but decide at the same time that no liability shall be taken by the first user of the mark, for no confusion would be made. As for that point, the author certainly has a different opinion.

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Could User Information Be Considered Trade Secret in China?

Abstract: trade secret must have three basic features: confidentiality, practicability, and security. Therefore, whether user information in a website could be considered as trade secret or not, it shall also be judged based on these three basic features.

(By Luo Yanjie) User information is very important to a website daily operation. To judge it from the legal protection perspective, it is generally protected as a trade secret. The case introduced in this article is a typical dispute on whether the user information could be considered a trade secret, and thereby could infringement be decided.

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Whether using the Name of Another’s Work Constitutes Copyright Infringement or Unfair Competition

Abstract: The Copyright Law and the Anti Unfair Competition Law supplement each other, but they also compete with each other.

(By Luo Yanjie Unfair competition refers to an operator’s misconduct that violates principles of fairness, justice, and good faith; it is also considered any behavior that violates widely adopted commercial ethics. As for copyright, as a kind of exclusive right, it mainly focuses on granting the right holder a monopolistic right in conformance with the law, and thereby grants the right holder monopoly rights as well as a competitive advantage through the exploitation of his/her own intellectual works.

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Is the Territorial Scope of a Famous Brand Limited to Chinese Territories?

(By Luo Yanjie) Abstract: The determination of a product reputation is usually limited to Chinese territories, while on the other hand the reputation of a mark may involve consideration of overseas reputation.

Freeriding among Chinese manufacturers is unfortunately a very common and severe issue, and for most well known foreign companies, there may be situations in which they have not paid adequate attention to the Chinese market, and ergo have provided insufficient attention to policing its marks within the realm of IPR protection. As a result, the vast majority of foreign brands are helpless in facing rampant infringement.

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Does 360’ s QQ Guard Constitute Unfair Competition against Tencent? Part II

(By Luo Yanjie) Today, we would give our opinions on 360’s unfair competition ruling

Lawyer’s Comments:

The case is a part of the 3Q battle, and has garnered wide attention in the society. From a legal standpoint, this case is not difficult.The ruling against 360 was proper for the following reasons:

1. The promotion of ads and charges are of the lawful items

It shall first be pointed out that despite the annoying functions in QQ, like the pop-up ads or value added service, these functions are of the legal profit model of Tencent. As known to all, QQ is a free software (despite the various charging items, the basic function of the software, namely the messaging is free). For Tencent has invested many resources in hardware and management cost, and should naturally be repaid through the ads or value added service. If other companies prevent the lawful advertising of Tencent, thereby reducing the chances of lawful transactionsfor Tencent and its clients, it would be of unfair competition.

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Does 360’ s QQ Guard Constitute Unfair Competition against Tencent? Part I

(By Luo Yanjie) Abstract: Although online ads or pop-up ads may make you feel uncomfortable, that is a profit model utilized by free software like Tencent’s QQ, the popular online messaging software. But, when the 360 Guard software removed QQ’s ads, it would no doubt damage Tencent’s legal rights. We’d like to introduce this case to our readers, beginning with today’s post and extending into tomorrow’s.

In 2010, Tencent introduced its “QQ Computer Keeper” to the market, which focuses on defending against attacks on Tencent. Before that, the Qihu 360 Company publicized its product 360 Guard. 360’s software could remove QQ’s ads, remove supplemental and additional functions found within QQ’s software, and prevent computer viruses from stealing QQ account information. Within the first 72 hours after the introduction of 360 Guard, it was downloaded more than 20 million times. Tencent believed that 360’s Guard software constituted unfair competition, and was possibly even stealing end user’s personal information. For this reason, Tencent announced that all computers with 360’s software installed would no longer be able to use QQ’s software.

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Is It Illegal For Directors in Company to Squat Trademarks in China?

(By Luo Yanjie) As regulated in Article 15 of the Trademark Law:

Where any agent or representative registers, in its or his own name, the trademark of a person for whom it or he acts as the agent or representative without authorization there from, and the latter raises opposition, the trademark shall be rejected for registration and prohibited from use.”

But in judicial practice, the agent or representative has a very vague definition of “authorized” . Our website once analysed the issues concerned in the post “Whether Sales Agents Are Included in the Trademark Agent Squatting Articles of China Trademark Law”. In today’s post, we would like to introduce the opinions of the court from a different aspect. The details are as follows:

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In Selling Train Ticket Insurance, Why Did JD.com Deliberately Break the Unfair Competition Law?

Abstract:

(By You Yunting) The greed of JD.com and Ctrip.com (NASDAQ: CTRP) has been fully revealed, for they have added insurance fees as a compulsory sale with its train ticket offerings. In reality, all JD and Ctrip want to do is become engaged in the huge amount of train ticket transactions that take place every year in China, yet not be restricted by the statutorily imposed agency fee of up to RMB five Yuan. Clearly, it is plain to see that these two parties have sold insurance tacked onto ticket agency train tickets as a means of gaining even more profit. However, such a strategy could be considered entirely invalid, and in addition likely in violation of the Unfair Competition Law due to its chasing of illegal profits through such sales.

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