(By Luo Yanjie) The Getty Images (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (hereinafter “Getty”) provided the court with a product brochure naming defendants Shanghai Shuote Co., Ltd. (hereinafter “Shuote”) and Shanghai Yikang Co., Ltd. (the “Yikang”). Getty claimed that the brochure was procured from the 6th International Tire Exhibition in Shanghai during 19th to 20th of May 2009. The defendant argued that they had neither printed nor used the brochure. However, the plaintiff provided substantial evidence to prove that the brochure could only have been printed by the defendant; regardless, the defendants failed to provide any explanation proving otherwise. On the other hand, the court had solid reasons to presume both defendants had engaged in the printing and using of the brochure.
In copyright infringement cases, if right owners are only able to provide preliminary evidence and the defendant then completely denies any infringement liability, then what will the court do? Will the court reject the preliminary evidence or make its decision based on the principle that there is a high probability the defendant infringed on the plaintiff’s mark? Today we would like to share our opinions with readers as follows:
I. Internet infringement is generally decided by referring to the ICP record
In Mainland China, all websites, both operating and non-operating, shall register with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (the “MIIT”); the main legal basis are the Management Measures of Operating Website Records and Management Measures of Non-Operating Website Records. Because of these requirements, in terms of network and Internet copyright infringement, it is relatively easy to identify who is actually infringing protected works. In addition, for most formal websites, a copyright holder can easily check the actual operator of the infringing website in the MIIT records. Generally speaking, the website owner and operator shall be liable for any and all infringing content located on their pages, and the rights holder can thereby decide who in fact is the defendant in the case, and precisely who is conducting the infringing activities.
Moreover, there are a lot of indirect infringement disputes in Internet copyright infringement cases, in which the infringing contents are uploaded by the end-user and wherein the website and its operator are not directly involved in the infringement. But considering the difficulty in determining who the direct infringer is (it is not easy to determine the identity of the end-user), in actual practice, most cases result in indirect infringement liability being placed on the website owner and operator.
For sure, there are many websites that are not registered, and that has made it difficult for rights owners to protect their rights. But to consider this issue from a more practical point of view, a rights holder does not have any completely thorough methods with which it can effectively fight against all infringing activity. Furthermore, most unregistered websites operate on a very small and limited scale, making fighting them less worthwhile in the long run.
II. The focus on the objective infringer shall be aided by notarization
With regard to objective copyright infringement, we tend to identify the infringement through notarization. For example, for the seller and the manufacturer of copyright infringing copies of a product, we can get evidence of the infringement or verification of the infringer’s identity through a purchase accompanied by a notary officer, photo taking or a sound recording. In the case discussed briefly above, the plaintiff’s issue with confronting the defendant’s outright denial of any infringement can mainly be attributed to the plaintiff’s delay in notarization or having a notary. Although notarization may come at a cost, it is highly recommended that all parties have all relevant materials notarized to present as proof when a lawsuit occurs. Moreover, according to Copyright Law provisions, the rights holder may request the defendant be responsible for all fees and expenditures made in protecting one’s copyright, and in typical judicial practice, a notarization fee may be included within this claim.
III. The application of the “high probability principle”
In general, the plaintiff is obliged to prove the defendant(s) have engaged in infringing conduct or activities. However, according to Article 73 of the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Evidence in Civil Procedure:
“The parties shall both provide evidence to the contrary for the same fact, but in the event that both parties have not provided sufficient evidence to deny the other’s evidence, the People’s Court should combine the given evidence with the facts of the case, and determine whether the force of one party’s submitted evidence to prove any relevant fact is significantly or obviously greater than the other party’s, and then confirm the viability of the evidence. “
That is to say, when no specific evidence is available, the court may adopt the principle of high probability. Much like in the aforesaid case, evidence submitted by the plaintiff may contain pictures that could not be gained by other third parties, greatly increasing the probability that the defendant had misappropriated and printed them. In such a situation, the court believed the burden of providing the evidence should be reversed; the defendant cannot simply deny everything to avoid its alleged liability. Accordingly, the court used the “high possibility principle”, and by referring to the contents in the brochure, it confirmed the plaintiff’s claims and thereby judged in favor of the plaintiff.
Actually, the principle of high probability is typically seen in software infringement cases. For example, when a plaintiff has preliminarily proven that a defendant’s software is remarkably or substantially similar to those owned by it, and the defendant subsequently refuses to present the source code of the allegedly infringing software, then the court will likely invoke the principle of high probability to establish and determine any infringement liability or existence of infringement.
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